101
Cervantes was not alone in perceiving the influence of print on individuals and society. His contemporary Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645) was also sensitive to the social and cultural implications of print. See Steven M. Bell, «The Book of Life and Death: Quevedo and the Printing Press», Hispanic Review 5, no. 2 (Spring 1984), 7-15. For an earlier period, see Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, «The Body Versus the Printing Press: Media in the Early Modern Period, Mentalities in the Reign of Castile, and Another History of Literary Forms», Poetics 14 (1985), 209-227. (N. from the A.)
102
Maravall, Utopía y contrautopía, pp. 84-85. (N. from the A.)
103
On the practice of reading in early modern Europe, with some references to Don Quixote, see Roger Chartier, «Leisure and Sociability: Reading Aloud in Early Modern Europe», trans. by Carol Mossman, in Susan Zimmerman and Ronald F. E. Weissman, eds., Urban Life in the Renaissance (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1988), 103-120. (N. from the A.)
104
Maxime Chevalier, «Literatura oral y ficción cervantina», Prohemio 5 (September-December 1974), 161-196. (N. from the A.)
105
Elias L. Rivers, Quixotic Scriptures: Essays on the Textuality of Hispanic Literature (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983). (N. from the A.)
106
James A. Parr, «Plato, Cervantes, Derrida: Framing Speaking and Writing in Don Quixote», in James A. Parr, ed., On Cervantes: Essays for L. A. Murillo (Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs, 1991), 171-72. (N. from the A.)
107
Maxime Chevalier has indicated that some of Sancho's sayings come from literary sources, and argues that Cervantes consciously made this choice in order to provide complexity to the character. See his «Sancho Panza y la cultura escrita», in Dian Fox, Harry Sieber, and Robert TerHorst, eds., Studies in Honor of Bruce W. Wardropper (Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs, 1989), 67-73. (N. from the A.)
108
The transition from oral to visual forms of perception, and the role of print in it, has been discussed by Walter Ong in Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982); Rhetoric, Romance, and Technology: Studies in the Interaction of Expression and Culture (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1971), and The Presence of the Word (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1967). See also Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy, and Elizabeth Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change, p. 132. All three authors point out that the transition from oral to literate was not sudden because of print. They emphasize how old forms, even auditory patterns, remained or were even enhanced by print. In the long term, however, print had a decisive influence in conforming new patterns of thought. (N. from the A.)
109
In fact, a spurious second part of Don Quijote was published by Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda (a pseudonym) in 1614. Cervantes was understandably quite upset about the appropriation of his story. See Manuel Durán, «El Quijote de Avellaneda», in Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce and Edward C. Riley, eds., Suma Cervantina (London: Tamesis Books, 1973), 357-376. (N. from the A.)
110
Carlos Fuentes, «Cervantes, or The Critique of Reading», in Carlos Fuentes, Myself with Others: Selected Essays (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1988), p. 63. (N. from the A.)